TEM: in a nutshell
- Reality is only one and the best knowledge it is possible
to get of it is a theory capable of explaining all empirical facts by using as
few explanatory principles as possible.
- Empirical facts are both subjective and objective.
- Any experiential fact is an empirical fact.
- It is not possible to say anything about empirical facts that are not
experiential facts; so, from our point of view, all empirical facts are
experiential facts.
- Every experiential fact exists, represents, and is in relation-with.
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Nothing exists without representing.
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Nothing represents without being in relation-with.
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Nothing is in relation-with without existing.
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Nothing represents without existing.
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Nothing exists without being in relation-with.
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Nothing is in relation-with without representing.
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Representation, existence and being in relation-with are just three
different roles played by the same entity that is called onphene (or, as a
synonym, intentional relation).
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Being an event is a role (not an entity or a substance). 'Event' denotes
what is done by an entity, not what that entity is.
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The role of an event is to provoke a difference in reality: being something
that is having a content that is being in relation-with some aspect of reality.
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An onphene is the simplest ontological candidate to identify the structure
defined in the previous points.
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Each onphene occupies the same role of the event; so it is a natural
candidate to support events.
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'Every event is an onphene' is a contingent truth.
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'Every onphene is an event' is an a priori truth.
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Content is what an onphene is, so an onphene (or intentional relation) is a
possible content.
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Every onphene must be in relation-with, so it is the content of another
onphene. If this were not true, that other onphene would be not part of reality.
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Since each onphene has a content, this content is either a simple content or
another onphene.
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An onphene, which as its content has another onphene, is termed a second
order onphene.
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An onphene, which as its content has a second order onphene, is termed a
third order onphene.
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In similar way higher order onphenes can be envisaged.
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A first order onphene corresponds to a subjective event.
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A second order onphene corresponds to an objective event, which is
relational in nature.
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A third order onphene (or further) corresponds to a logical proposition.
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Subjective events (first order onphenes) constitute the domain of
subjectivity. This domain is defined before the subject (idealistic principle).
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Objective events (first order onphenes) constitute the domain of
objectivity. This domain is defined before the object (materialistic principle).
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Logical events (third order, or further, onphenes) constitute the a priori
truth domain. This domain is defined before the belief in a transcendental
dimension (third reign).
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Subjective events represent simple events, objective and logical events
represent onphenes as such.
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The content of simple events corresponds to phenomenal objects (colours,
tastes, pleasure, pain).
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The content of objective events corresponds to empirical observation of
relational nature of second order onphenes as such (bigger-than, darker-than,
stronger-than).
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The content of logical events corresponds to logical propositions that are
relations among other relations (entails that, true, false, twice as).
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Every phenomenal representation and every meaning entails a real event -
something that exists (the Principle of conservation of representation and
meaning).
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Every onphene unifies that part of reality, which is its content (the
Principle of unification of reality).
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Every onphene has, as content, an event - or a group of events - that is
defined as a critical event.
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The critical event of an onphene is that event - or group of events - whose
existence has been necessary and sufficient for that onphene.
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The critical event is the content of its onphene.
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The subject is a unified collection of representations.
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A collection of representations is unified when the collection is the
critical event of another representation (according to the Principle of
unification of reality).
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The subject is a collection of representations unified by their being the
critical event of an onphene.
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The onphene that unifies a subject is called principle of the ego or ego.
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When the onphene ego is the content of another onphene, it is termed self.
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The ego seen as an object is the self.
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The self and the ego are two real unities, so they exist.
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Consciousness is referred to as the fact of being a subject - which is a
unified collection of onphenes.
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The mind is always a conscious mind, which is a conscious subject.
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Self-consciousness means that the subject has, among its contents, the self.
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The mind is part of reality: having an experience entails enlarging the part
of reality that constitutes ourselves as subjects.
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Every content of an individual mind is part of that subject because a new
onphene is unified in that subject collection of onphenes.
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There is only one kind of act through which a mind gets its content: by
enlarging the collection of onphenes that constitutes it; a subject that
enlarges itself by including a new onphene.
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Having new experiences entails a transformation of the subject.
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All mental events are (directly or indirectly) conscious events: subjective
experiences, dreams, objective observations, knowledge, beliefs, thoughts,
goals, motivations, feelings).
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The phenomenal subjective experiences correspond to first order onphenes.
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The empirical objective knowledge (observations) corresponds to second order
onphenes.
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The a priori knowledge corresponds to onphenes of higher orders.
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Perception is representation: there is no perception without content.
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Traditionally perception is referred to as first and second order onphenes,
while sensation is usually confined to first order onphenes.
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Having a perception means that the subject enlarges itself to include a new
onphene.
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Perceptual content is the critical event of the included onphene.
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Sensation is perception.
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Memory is perception whose critical event occurred some time before. Memory
is usually produced voluntary.
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Hallucinations and fosphenes are perceptions whose critical events occurred
some time before. They are usually involuntary.
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Non veridical perception is a perception whose first order contents are
associated with second order contents that are unusual.
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Every conscious event is something; therefore it must correspond to an
onphene and it must have content.
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Every perception has content.
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There is only one kind of mental act: the belonging of an onphene to a
subject or, that is exactly the same, the enlarging of a subject to a new
onphene.
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All mental acts (experiencing, feeling, perceiving, believing, getting by
intuition, understanding, knowing) correspond to the same event (onphenes
becoming part of a subject) but can be differentiated on the basis of the kind
of content (first order, second order, and so on).
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A thought is an onphene with a content of second or further order.
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Thinking means perceiving one's own thoughts.
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Grasping a thought means to enlarge ourselves to a new onphene of second or
further order.
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Language is a collection of relations among contents.
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A concept is a collection of relations that identifies content.
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A concept either corresponds to an existing onphene or could be a network
without a real content. In the former case it is a real concept while in the
latter case, it is a conventional concept.